General Hardness (GH)

General Hardness (GH) refers to the total concentration of divalent metal ions in the water. These are typically calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions. GH is measured in degrees of hardness (dH) or parts per million (ppm), with one degree of hardness equivalent to 17.9 ppm.

Impact of General Hardness:

• Aquatic life: Certain species of fish and aquatic plants thrive in water with specific hardness levels. Sudden changes in GH can stress or even harm aquatic organisms.

Carbonate Hardness (KH)

Carbonate Hardness (KH), also known as alkalinity, refers to the concentration of carbonate (CO₃²⁻) and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) ions in the water. KH is a measure of water's ability to neutralize acids and is also expressed in degrees (dKH) or ppm.

Impact of Carbonate Hardness:

• pH stability: KH acts as a buffer, helping to maintain stable pH levels in water. This is crucial for both aquatic ecosystems and industrial processes.
• Aquarium and aquaculture management: Maintaining appropriate KH levels is essential for the health of fish and aquatic plants, ensuring a stable and suitable environment.